A Novel 70 GHz Circularly Polarized Fully-Planar Leaky-Wave Antenna with X-shaped slots for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications

Document Type : Research Article

Author

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

10.22075/mseee.2026.40021.1241

Abstract

This paper presents a novel, fully planar circularly polarized periodic leaky-wave antenna (CP-PLWA) designed for wide-beam scanning in the 70 GHz band for millimeter-wave radar applications. A complementary split ring resonator half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (CSRR-HMSIW) feed structure is employed, offering a low-loss, and readily manufacturable implementation. The key innovation is the integration of cascaded X-shaped slots within the radiating patch, which facilitates controlled surface current perturbation and optimized excitation of orthogonal E-field components, resulting in a significantly enhanced circular polarization bandwidth. This design enables backward-to-forward beam scanning while maintaining a fully planar, via-free architecture. Simulated results demonstrate a 20.1% impedance bandwidth (64.4–77.75 GHz), an axial ratio bandwidth exceeding 13.6% (66–75 GHz, AR < 3 dB), and a wide scan angle from –15° to +60°. A gain exceeding 13 dBi (peaking at 16 dBi) is achieved with a simulated radiation efficiency greater than 97%. This compact, fully planar design, fabricated on a Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate, advances the state-of-the-art in CP LWAs for 70 GHz millimeter-wave radar systems by simultaneously addressing critical limitations of prior art: achieving wide CP bandwidth in a planar configuration, eliminating fabrication-via complexity, and maintaining high efficiency across a wide scanning range. The proposed antenna offers a promising solution for future high-performance radar applications requiring compact, wideband, and frequency-scanned circularly polarized radiation.

Keywords

Main Subjects

REFERENCES

[1] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Khajenoori, "Wideband sun-star shape coplanar waveguide antenna for terahertz sensing applications," Results in Optics, vol. 19, p. 100815, 2025/05/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2025.100815.

[2] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Fakhr, "On-chip coronavirus shape antenna for wide band applications in terahertz band," Journal of Optics, vol. 52, pp. 860 - 867, 2023.

[3] P. Sohrabi, P. Rezaei, S. Kiani, and M. Fakhr, "A symmetrical SIW-based leaky-wave antenna with continuous beam scanning from backward-to-forward through broadside," Wireless Networks, vol. 27, 11/01 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11276-021-02798-6.

[4] Y. Banday, G. Mohammad Rather, and G. R. Begh, "Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks," IET Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265-270, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044.

[5] W. Hong et al., "The Role of Millimeter-Wave Technologies in 5G/6G Wireless Communications," IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol. 1, pp. 101-122, 01/01 2021, doi: 10.1109/JMW.2020.3035541.

[6] X. Huo and Z. Li, "Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Low-Loss Transmission Line," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2022, no. 1, p. 7224725, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7224725.

[7] H. Lee, J. H. Choi, C. T. M. Wu, and T. Itoh, "A Compact Single Radiator CRLH-Inspired Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 4566-4572, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2456935.

[8] P. N. Choubey, X. Zhang, T. He, N. Hao, and K. Xu, "Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Cavity-Backed Circularly-Polarized Antenna for Satellite Communication," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1669, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/7/1669.

[9] X. Li, J. Wang, G. Goussetis, and L. Wang, "Circularly Polarized High Gain Leaky-Wave Antenna for CubeSat Communication," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 7612-7624, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3167773.

[10] A. P. Saghati, M. M. Mirsalehi, and M. H. Neshati, "A HMSIW Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna With Backward, Broadside, and Forward Radiation," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 451-454, 2014, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2309557.

[11] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, "Single-substrate integration technique of planar circuits and waveguide filters," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, pp. 593-596, 2003.

[12] D. R. Jackson, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Leaky-Wave Antennas," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2194-2206, 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2187410.

[13] F. Monticone and A. Alù, "Leaky-Wave Theory, Techniques, and Applications: From Microwaves to Visible Frequencies," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 793-821, 2015, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2399419.

[14] J. Xu, W. Hong, H. Tang, Z. Kuai, and K. Wu, "Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 85-88, 2008, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2008.919353.

[15] Y. Dong and T. Itoh, "Composite Right/Left-Handed Substrate Integrated Waveguide and Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 767-775, 2011.

[16] A. Zandamela, A. Al-Bassam, and D. Heberling, "Circularly Polarized Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Dielectric Image Line for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. PP, pp. 1-1, 03/19 2021, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3067496.

[17] M. Steeg, B. Khani, V. Rymanov, and A. Stöhr, "Novel 50–70 GHz compact PCB leaky-wave antenna with high broadside efficiency and low return loss," presented at the 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.

[18] H. Aliakbari, M. Mosalanejad, C. Soens, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and B. K. Lau, "79 GHz Multilayer Series-Fed Patch Antenna Array With Stacked Micro-Via Loading," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1990-1994, 2022, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3187764.

[19] X. Bai, S. W. Qu, K. B. Ng, and C. H. Chan, "Sinusoidally Modulated Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 849-855, 2016.

[20] Q. D. Cao, X. X. Yang, F. Yu, and S. Gao, "High Scanning Rate Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized CTS Leaky Wave Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 6087-6092, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3349674.

[21] M. Nitas, M.-T. Passia, and T. V. Yioultsis, "Fully planar slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide based on broadside-coupled complementary split ring resonators for mmWave and 5G components," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1096-1107, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.1014.

[22] Y. Torabi, H. Oraizi, A. Araghi, and M. Khalily, "Miniaturized V-band circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna with continuous radiation coverage using modified waveguide and metasurface CSRRs," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 10162, 2023/06/22 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37362-z.

[23] A. Parsa, P. Rezaei, A. AmneElahi, A. Khatami, and Z. Mousavirazi, "Efficient transition from SMA to ESIW for planar slot array antennas in wireless systems," Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 18, 2025/09/11 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10470-025-02498-7.

[24] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering. Wiley, 2012.

[25] M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis, and K. Wu, "Review of substrate integrated waveguide circuits and antennas," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 909-920, 2009, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0463.

[26] W. Hong, Y. D. Cheng, and K. Wu, "Half mode substrate integrated waveguide: Analysis and applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 298-306, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.860274.

[27] E. Hammerstad and O. Jensen, "Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 407-409, 1980.

[28] J. D. Baena, R. Marqués, F. Medina, and J. Martel, "Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1451-1461, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845211.

[29] F. W. Grover, Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas and Tables. New York: Dover Publications, 1946.

[30] R. Marqués, F. Martín, and M. Sorolla, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2008.

[31] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

[1] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Khajenoori, "Wideband sun-star shape coplanar waveguide antenna for terahertz sensing applications," Results in Optics, vol. 19, p. 100815, 2025/05/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2025.100815.

[2] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Fakhr, "On-chip coronavirus shape antenna for wide band applications in terahertz band," Journal of Optics, vol. 52, pp. 860 - 867, 2023.

[3] P. Sohrabi, P. Rezaei, S. Kiani, and M. Fakhr, "A symmetrical SIW-based leaky-wave antenna with continuous beam scanning from backward-to-forward through broadside," Wireless Networks, vol. 27, 11/01 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11276-021-02798-6.

[4] Y. Banday, G. Mohammad Rather, and G. R. Begh, "Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks," IET Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265-270, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044.

[5] W. Hong et al., "The Role of Millimeter-Wave Technologies in 5G/6G Wireless Communications," IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol. 1, pp. 101-122, 01/01 2021, doi: 10.1109/JMW.2020.3035541.

[6] X. Huo and Z. Li, "Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Low-Loss Transmission Line," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2022, no. 1, p. 7224725, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7224725.

[7] H. Lee, J. H. Choi, C. T. M. Wu, and T. Itoh, "A Compact Single Radiator CRLH-Inspired Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 4566-4572, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2456935.

[8] P. N. Choubey, X. Zhang, T. He, N. Hao, and K. Xu, "Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Cavity-Backed Circularly-Polarized Antenna for Satellite Communication," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1669, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/7/1669.

[9] X. Li, J. Wang, G. Goussetis, and L. Wang, "Circularly Polarized High Gain Leaky-Wave Antenna for CubeSat Communication," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 7612-7624, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3167773.

[10] A. P. Saghati, M. M. Mirsalehi, and M. H. Neshati, "A HMSIW Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna With Backward, Broadside, and Forward Radiation," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 451-454, 2014, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2309557.

[11] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, "Single-substrate integration technique of planar circuits and waveguide filters," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, pp. 593-596, 2003.

[12] D. R. Jackson, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Leaky-Wave Antennas," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2194-2206, 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2187410.

[13] F. Monticone and A. Alù, "Leaky-Wave Theory, Techniques, and Applications: From Microwaves to Visible Frequencies," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 793-821, 2015, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2399419.

[14] J. Xu, W. Hong, H. Tang, Z. Kuai, and K. Wu, "Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 85-88, 2008, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2008.919353.

[15] Y. Dong and T. Itoh, "Composite Right/Left-Handed Substrate Integrated Waveguide and Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 767-775, 2011.

[16] A. Zandamela, A. Al-Bassam, and D. Heberling, "Circularly Polarized Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Dielectric Image Line for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. PP, pp. 1-1, 03/19 2021, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3067496.

[17] M. Steeg, B. Khani, V. Rymanov, and A. Stöhr, "Novel 50–70 GHz compact PCB leaky-wave antenna with high broadside efficiency and low return loss," presented at the 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.

[18] H. Aliakbari, M. Mosalanejad, C. Soens, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and B. K. Lau, "79 GHz Multilayer Series-Fed Patch Antenna Array With Stacked Micro-Via Loading," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1990-1994, 2022, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3187764.

[19] X. Bai, S. W. Qu, K. B. Ng, and C. H. Chan, "Sinusoidally Modulated Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 849-855, 2016.

[20] Q. D. Cao, X. X. Yang, F. Yu, and S. Gao, "High Scanning Rate Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized CTS Leaky Wave Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 6087-6092, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3349674.

[21] M. Nitas, M.-T. Passia, and T. V. Yioultsis, "Fully planar slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide based on broadside-coupled complementary split ring resonators for mmWave and 5G components," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1096-1107, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.1014.

[22] Y. Torabi, H. Oraizi, A. Araghi, and M. Khalily, "Miniaturized V-band circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna with continuous radiation coverage using modified waveguide and metasurface CSRRs," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 10162, 2023/06/22 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37362-z.

[23] A. Parsa, P. Rezaei, A. AmneElahi, A. Khatami, and Z. Mousavirazi, "Efficient transition from SMA to ESIW for planar slot array antennas in wireless systems," Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 18, 2025/09/11 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10470-025-02498-7.

[24] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering. Wiley, 2012.

[25] M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis, and K. Wu, "Review of substrate integrated waveguide circuits and antennas," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 909-920, 2009, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0463.

[26] W. Hong, Y. D. Cheng, and K. Wu, "Half mode substrate integrated waveguide: Analysis and applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 298-306, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.860274.

[27] E. Hammerstad and O. Jensen, "Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 407-409, 1980.

[28] J. D. Baena, R. Marqués, F. Medina, and J. Martel, "Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1451-1461, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845211.

[29] F. W. Grover, Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas and Tables. New York: Dover Publications, 1946.

[30] R. Marqués, F. Martín, and M. Sorolla, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2008.

[31] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

[1] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Khajenoori, "Wideband sun-star shape coplanar waveguide antenna for terahertz sensing applications," Results in Optics, vol. 19, p. 100815, 2025/05/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2025.100815.

[2] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Fakhr, "On-chip coronavirus shape antenna for wide band applications in terahertz band," Journal of Optics, vol. 52, pp. 860 - 867, 2023.

[3] P. Sohrabi, P. Rezaei, S. Kiani, and M. Fakhr, "A symmetrical SIW-based leaky-wave antenna with continuous beam scanning from backward-to-forward through broadside," Wireless Networks, vol. 27, 11/01 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11276-021-02798-6.

[4] Y. Banday, G. Mohammad Rather, and G. R. Begh, "Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks," IET Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265-270, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044.

[5] W. Hong et al., "The Role of Millimeter-Wave Technologies in 5G/6G Wireless Communications," IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol. 1, pp. 101-122, 01/01 2021, doi: 10.1109/JMW.2020.3035541.

[6] X. Huo and Z. Li, "Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Low-Loss Transmission Line," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2022, no. 1, p. 7224725, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7224725.

[7] H. Lee, J. H. Choi, C. T. M. Wu, and T. Itoh, "A Compact Single Radiator CRLH-Inspired Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 4566-4572, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2456935.

[8] P. N. Choubey, X. Zhang, T. He, N. Hao, and K. Xu, "Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Cavity-Backed Circularly-Polarized Antenna for Satellite Communication," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1669, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/7/1669.

[9] X. Li, J. Wang, G. Goussetis, and L. Wang, "Circularly Polarized High Gain Leaky-Wave Antenna for CubeSat Communication," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 7612-7624, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3167773.

[10] A. P. Saghati, M. M. Mirsalehi, and M. H. Neshati, "A HMSIW Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna With Backward, Broadside, and Forward Radiation," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 451-454, 2014, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2309557.

[11] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, "Single-substrate integration technique of planar circuits and waveguide filters," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, pp. 593-596, 2003.

[12] D. R. Jackson, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Leaky-Wave Antennas," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2194-2206, 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2187410.

[13] F. Monticone and A. Alù, "Leaky-Wave Theory, Techniques, and Applications: From Microwaves to Visible Frequencies," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 793-821, 2015, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2399419.

[14] J. Xu, W. Hong, H. Tang, Z. Kuai, and K. Wu, "Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 85-88, 2008, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2008.919353.

[15] Y. Dong and T. Itoh, "Composite Right/Left-Handed Substrate Integrated Waveguide and Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 767-775, 2011.

[16] A. Zandamela, A. Al-Bassam, and D. Heberling, "Circularly Polarized Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Dielectric Image Line for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. PP, pp. 1-1, 03/19 2021, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3067496.

[17] M. Steeg, B. Khani, V. Rymanov, and A. Stöhr, "Novel 50–70 GHz compact PCB leaky-wave antenna with high broadside efficiency and low return loss," presented at the 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.

[18] H. Aliakbari, M. Mosalanejad, C. Soens, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and B. K. Lau, "79 GHz Multilayer Series-Fed Patch Antenna Array With Stacked Micro-Via Loading," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1990-1994, 2022, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3187764.

[19] X. Bai, S. W. Qu, K. B. Ng, and C. H. Chan, "Sinusoidally Modulated Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 849-855, 2016.

[20] Q. D. Cao, X. X. Yang, F. Yu, and S. Gao, "High Scanning Rate Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized CTS Leaky Wave Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 6087-6092, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3349674.

[21] M. Nitas, M.-T. Passia, and T. V. Yioultsis, "Fully planar slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide based on broadside-coupled complementary split ring resonators for mmWave and 5G components," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1096-1107, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.1014.

[22] Y. Torabi, H. Oraizi, A. Araghi, and M. Khalily, "Miniaturized V-band circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna with continuous radiation coverage using modified waveguide and metasurface CSRRs," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 10162, 2023/06/22 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37362-z.

[23] A. Parsa, P. Rezaei, A. AmneElahi, A. Khatami, and Z. Mousavirazi, "Efficient transition from SMA to ESIW for planar slot array antennas in wireless systems," Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 18, 2025/09/11 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10470-025-02498-7.

[24] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering. Wiley, 2012.

[25] M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis, and K. Wu, "Review of substrate integrated waveguide circuits and antennas," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 909-920, 2009, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0463.

[26] W. Hong, Y. D. Cheng, and K. Wu, "Half mode substrate integrated waveguide: Analysis and applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 298-306, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.860274.

[27] E. Hammerstad and O. Jensen, "Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 407-409, 1980.

[28] J. D. Baena, R. Marqués, F. Medina, and J. Martel, "Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1451-1461, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845211.

[29] F. W. Grover, Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas and Tables. New York: Dover Publications, 1946.

[30] R. Marqués, F. Martín, and M. Sorolla, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2008.

[31] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

[1] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Khajenoori, "Wideband sun-star shape coplanar waveguide antenna for terahertz sensing applications," Results in Optics, vol. 19, p. 100815, 2025/05/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2025.100815.

[2] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Fakhr, "On-chip coronavirus shape antenna for wide band applications in terahertz band," Journal of Optics, vol. 52, pp. 860 - 867, 2023.

[3] P. Sohrabi, P. Rezaei, S. Kiani, and M. Fakhr, "A symmetrical SIW-based leaky-wave antenna with continuous beam scanning from backward-to-forward through broadside," Wireless Networks, vol. 27, 11/01 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11276-021-02798-6.

[4] Y. Banday, G. Mohammad Rather, and G. R. Begh, "Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks," IET Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265-270, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044.

[5] W. Hong et al., "The Role of Millimeter-Wave Technologies in 5G/6G Wireless Communications," IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol. 1, pp. 101-122, 01/01 2021, doi: 10.1109/JMW.2020.3035541.

[6] X. Huo and Z. Li, "Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Low-Loss Transmission Line," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2022, no. 1, p. 7224725, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7224725.

[7] H. Lee, J. H. Choi, C. T. M. Wu, and T. Itoh, "A Compact Single Radiator CRLH-Inspired Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 4566-4572, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2456935.

[8] P. N. Choubey, X. Zhang, T. He, N. Hao, and K. Xu, "Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Cavity-Backed Circularly-Polarized Antenna for Satellite Communication," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1669, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/7/1669.

[9] X. Li, J. Wang, G. Goussetis, and L. Wang, "Circularly Polarized High Gain Leaky-Wave Antenna for CubeSat Communication," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 7612-7624, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3167773.

[10] A. P. Saghati, M. M. Mirsalehi, and M. H. Neshati, "A HMSIW Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna With Backward, Broadside, and Forward Radiation," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 451-454, 2014, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2309557.

[11] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, "Single-substrate integration technique of planar circuits and waveguide filters," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, pp. 593-596, 2003.

[12] D. R. Jackson, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Leaky-Wave Antennas," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2194-2206, 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2187410.

[13] F. Monticone and A. Alù, "Leaky-Wave Theory, Techniques, and Applications: From Microwaves to Visible Frequencies," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 793-821, 2015, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2399419.

[14] J. Xu, W. Hong, H. Tang, Z. Kuai, and K. Wu, "Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 85-88, 2008, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2008.919353.

[15] Y. Dong and T. Itoh, "Composite Right/Left-Handed Substrate Integrated Waveguide and Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 767-775, 2011.

[16] A. Zandamela, A. Al-Bassam, and D. Heberling, "Circularly Polarized Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Dielectric Image Line for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. PP, pp. 1-1, 03/19 2021, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3067496.

[17] M. Steeg, B. Khani, V. Rymanov, and A. Stöhr, "Novel 50–70 GHz compact PCB leaky-wave antenna with high broadside efficiency and low return loss," presented at the 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.

[18] H. Aliakbari, M. Mosalanejad, C. Soens, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and B. K. Lau, "79 GHz Multilayer Series-Fed Patch Antenna Array With Stacked Micro-Via Loading," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1990-1994, 2022, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3187764.

[19] X. Bai, S. W. Qu, K. B. Ng, and C. H. Chan, "Sinusoidally Modulated Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 849-855, 2016.

[20] Q. D. Cao, X. X. Yang, F. Yu, and S. Gao, "High Scanning Rate Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized CTS Leaky Wave Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 6087-6092, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3349674.

[21] M. Nitas, M.-T. Passia, and T. V. Yioultsis, "Fully planar slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide based on broadside-coupled complementary split ring resonators for mmWave and 5G components," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1096-1107, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.1014.

[22] Y. Torabi, H. Oraizi, A. Araghi, and M. Khalily, "Miniaturized V-band circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna with continuous radiation coverage using modified waveguide and metasurface CSRRs," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 10162, 2023/06/22 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37362-z.

[23] A. Parsa, P. Rezaei, A. AmneElahi, A. Khatami, and Z. Mousavirazi, "Efficient transition from SMA to ESIW for planar slot array antennas in wireless systems," Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 18, 2025/09/11 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10470-025-02498-7.

[24] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering. Wiley, 2012.

[25] M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis, and K. Wu, "Review of substrate integrated waveguide circuits and antennas," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 909-920, 2009, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0463.

[26] W. Hong, Y. D. Cheng, and K. Wu, "Half mode substrate integrated waveguide: Analysis and applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 298-306, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.860274.

[27] E. Hammerstad and O. Jensen, "Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 407-409, 1980.

[28] J. D. Baena, R. Marqués, F. Medina, and J. Martel, "Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1451-1461, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845211.

[29] F. W. Grover, Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas and Tables. New York: Dover Publications, 1946.

[30] R. Marqués, F. Martín, and M. Sorolla, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2008.

[31] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

[1] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Khajenoori, "Wideband sun-star shape coplanar waveguide antenna for terahertz sensing applications," Results in Optics, vol. 19, p. 100815, 2025/05/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2025.100815.
[2] S. Kiani, P. Rezaei, and M. Fakhr, "On-chip coronavirus shape antenna for wide band applications in terahertz band," Journal of Optics, vol. 52, pp. 860 - 867, 2023.
[3] P. Sohrabi, P. Rezaei, S. Kiani, and M. Fakhr, "A symmetrical SIW-based leaky-wave antenna with continuous beam scanning from backward-to-forward through broadside," Wireless Networks, vol. 27, 11/01 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11276-021-02798-6.
[4] Y. Banday, G. Mohammad Rather, and G. R. Begh, "Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks," IET Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265-270, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044.
[5] W. Hong et al., "The Role of Millimeter-Wave Technologies in 5G/6G Wireless Communications," IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol. 1, pp. 101-122, 01/01 2021, doi: 10.1109/JMW.2020.3035541.
[6] X. Huo and Z. Li, "Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Low-Loss Transmission Line," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2022, no. 1, p. 7224725, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7224725.
[7] H. Lee, J. H. Choi, C. T. M. Wu, and T. Itoh, "A Compact Single Radiator CRLH-Inspired Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 4566-4572, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2456935.
[8] P. N. Choubey, X. Zhang, T. He, N. Hao, and K. Xu, "Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Cavity-Backed Circularly-Polarized Antenna for Satellite Communication," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1669, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/7/1669.
[9] X. Li, J. Wang, G. Goussetis, and L. Wang, "Circularly Polarized High Gain Leaky-Wave Antenna for CubeSat Communication," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 7612-7624, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3167773.
[10] A. P. Saghati, M. M. Mirsalehi, and M. H. Neshati, "A HMSIW Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna With Backward, Broadside, and Forward Radiation," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 451-454, 2014, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2309557.
[11] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, "Single-substrate integration technique of planar circuits and waveguide filters," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, pp. 593-596, 2003.
[12] D. R. Jackson, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, "Leaky-Wave Antennas," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2194-2206, 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2187410.
[13] F. Monticone and A. Alù, "Leaky-Wave Theory, Techniques, and Applications: From Microwaves to Visible Frequencies," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 793-821, 2015, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2399419.
[14] J. Xu, W. Hong, H. Tang, Z. Kuai, and K. Wu, "Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 85-88, 2008, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2008.919353.
[15] Y. Dong and T. Itoh, "Composite Right/Left-Handed Substrate Integrated Waveguide and Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 767-775, 2011.
[16] A. Zandamela, A. Al-Bassam, and D. Heberling, "Circularly Polarized Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Dielectric Image Line for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. PP, pp. 1-1, 03/19 2021, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3067496.
[17] M. Steeg, B. Khani, V. Rymanov, and A. Stöhr, "Novel 50–70 GHz compact PCB leaky-wave antenna with high broadside efficiency and low return loss," presented at the 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.
[18] H. Aliakbari, M. Mosalanejad, C. Soens, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and B. K. Lau, "79 GHz Multilayer Series-Fed Patch Antenna Array With Stacked Micro-Via Loading," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1990-1994, 2022, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3187764.
[19] X. Bai, S. W. Qu, K. B. Ng, and C. H. Chan, "Sinusoidally Modulated Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 849-855, 2016.
[20] Q. D. Cao, X. X. Yang, F. Yu, and S. Gao, "High Scanning Rate Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized CTS Leaky Wave Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 6087-6092, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3349674.
[21] M. Nitas, M.-T. Passia, and T. V. Yioultsis, "Fully planar slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide based on broadside-coupled complementary split ring resonators for mmWave and 5G components," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1096-1107, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.1014.
[22] Y. Torabi, H. Oraizi, A. Araghi, and M. Khalily, "Miniaturized V-band circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna with continuous radiation coverage using modified waveguide and metasurface CSRRs," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 10162, 2023/06/22 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37362-z.
[23] A. Parsa, P. Rezaei, A. AmneElahi, A. Khatami, and Z. Mousavirazi, "Efficient transition from SMA to ESIW for planar slot array antennas in wireless systems," Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 18, 2025/09/11 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10470-025-02498-7.
[24] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering. Wiley, 2012.
[25] M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis, and K. Wu, "Review of substrate integrated waveguide circuits and antennas," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 909-920, 2009, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0463.
[26] W. Hong, Y. D. Cheng, and K. Wu, "Half mode substrate integrated waveguide: Analysis and applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 298-306, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.860274.
[27] E. Hammerstad and O. Jensen, "Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 407-409, 1980.
[28] J. D. Baena, R. Marqués, F. Medina, and J. Martel, "Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1451-1461, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845211.
[29] F. W. Grover, Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas and Tables. New York: Dover Publications, 1946.
[30] R. Marqués, F. Martín, and M. Sorolla, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2008.
[31] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006.
Journal of Modeling and Simulation in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Volume 6, Issue 2 - Serial Number 24
In Progress
June 2026
Pages 33-41

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  • Receive Date: 11 December 2025
  • Revise Date: 05 February 2026
  • Accept Date: 22 February 2026

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