A Bi-Level Model for Optimal Placement and Sizing of EV Fast Charging Stations Considering Traffic and Power Network Interactions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Imam Khomeini Naval University, Nowshahr, Iran.

Abstract

This paper presents a bi-level optimization modelfor the siting and sizing of electric vehicle fast charging stations(FCSs), considering the constraints of the power distributionnetwork. In the presented method, queuing theory and a userequilibrium-based traffic assignment model are used todetermine the size of FCSs. The upper-level problem aims tomaximize the profit of the FCS owner by determining optimallocations and capacities of FCSs. The lower-level problemminimizes the operational cost of the distribution network whileconsidering power flow constraints and EV charging demands.The bi-level model is transformed into a single-levelmathematical program using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT)primal-dual optimality conditions of the lower-level problemdue to the linearity of the LL problem. Simulation results on theIEEE 33-bus distribution system and a 25-node transportationnetwork show that two FCSs are optimally installed at buses 25and 32 with 9 and 7 chargers, respectively, yielding a daily profitof approximately $6,147 for the investor. Sensitivity analysisdemonstrates that higher electricity selling prices lead toincreased profitability and expansion of charginginfrastructure, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposedframework in capturing the economic interaction between theDSO and private investors.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] C. Q. Tran, D. Ngoduy, M. Keyvan-Ekbatani, and D. Watling, "Bi-level optimization for locating fast-charging stations in large-scale urban networks," in 2020 Forum on Integrated and Sustainable Transportation Systems (FISTS), 2020, pp. 205-210.
[2] Y. Huang and K. M. Kockelman, "Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand, station congestion, and network equilibrium," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 78, p. 102179, 2020/01/01/ 2020.
[3] C. dos Santos, A. J. C. G., O. W. A., and C. and Lyra, "Optimal allocation of fast charging stations for large-scale transportation systems," International Journal of Production Research, vol. 62, no. 14, pp. 5087-5107, 2024/07/17 2024.
[4] A. Kapoor, V. S. Patel, A. Sharma, and A. Mohapatra, "Optimal Planning of Fast EV Charging Stations in a Coupled Transportation and Electrical Power Distribution Network," IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 4261-4271, 2024.
[5] S. Silapan, S. Patchanee, N. Kaewdornhan, S. Somchit, and R. Chatthaworn, "Optimal Sizing and Locations of Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles Considering Power System Constraints," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 139620-139631, 2024.
[6] S. Nandi, S. R. Ghatak, P. Acharjee, and F. Lopes, "Multi-Scenario-Based Strategic Deployment of Electric Vehicle Ultra-Fast Charging Stations in a Radial Distribution Network," Energies, vol. 17, no. 17, p. 4204, 2024.
[7] L. Chen, C. Xu, H. Song, and K. Jermsittiparsert, "Optimal sizing and siting of EVCS in the distribution system using metaheuristics: A case study," Energy Reports, vol. 7, pp. 208-217, 2021/11/01/ 2021.
[8] A. K. Mohanty, P. Suresh Babu, and S. R. Salkuti, "Optimal Allocation of Fast Charging Station for Integrated Electric-Transportation System Using Multi-Objective Approach," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 22, p. 14731, 2022.
[9] B. Zhang, Z. Meng, and X. Hu, "Location planning of electric vehicle charging station with users’ preferences and waiting time: multi-objective bi-level programming model and HNSGA-II algorithm," International Journal of Production Research, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 1394-1423, 2023/03/04 2023.
[10] Y. Liu, Y. Xiang, Y. Tan, B. Wang, J. Liu, and Z. Yang, "Optimal Allocation Model for EV Charging Stations Coordinating Investor and User Benefits," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 36039-36049, 2018.
[11] T.-Y. Ma and S. Xie, "Optimal fast charging station locations for electric ridesharing with vehicle-charging station assignment," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 90, p. 102682, 2021/01/01/ 2021.
[12] G. Ferro, R. Minciardi, L. Parodi, and M. Robba, "Optimal planning of charging stations and electric vehicles traffic assignment: a bi-level approach," IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 13275-13280, 2020/01/01/ 2020.
[13] D. Hu, K. Zhou, and X. Lu, "A bi-level programming model for inter-city charging station location with heterogeneous range anxiety," Energy, vol. 316, p. 134619, 2025/02/01/ 2025.
[14] G. Zhou, Q. Dong, Y. Zhao, H. Wang, L. Jian, and Y. Jia, "Bilevel optimization approach to fast charging station planning in electrified transportation networks," Applied Energy, vol. 350, p. 121718, 2023/11/15/ 2023.
[15] Ö. B. Kınay, F. Gzara, and S. A. Alumur, "Charging Station Location and Sizing for Electric Vehicles Under Congestion," Transportation Science, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1433-1451, 2023.
[16] K. Shen, K. Li, Y. Yu, and W. Yang, "Bi-level planning of electric vehicle charging station considering energy consumption per unit mileage," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2849, no. 1, p. 012081, 2024/09/01 2024.
[17] W. Makhlouf, M. Kchaou-Boujelben, and C. Gicquel, "A bi-level programming approach to locate capacitated electric vehicle charging stations," in 2019 6th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT), 2019, pp. 133-138.
[18] L. Zhang, Z. Zeng, and K. Gao, "A bi-level optimization framework for charging station design problem considering heterogeneous charging modes," Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 8-16, 2022.
[19] R. Aazami, M. M. Badan, M. Shirkhani, and A. Azizi, "Bi-level programming model of location and charging electric vehicle stations in distribution networks," Results in Engineering, vol. 24, p. 103657, 2024/12/01/ 2024.
[20] K. Li, C. Shao, Z. Hu, and M. Shahidehpour, "An MILP Method for Optimal Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Coordinated Urban Power and Transportation Networks," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 5406-5419, 2023.
[21] X. Ma, Z. Liu, and C. Li, "Bi-level Location Planning Model for Charging Stations Based on User Satisfaction," in The Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies, Singapore, 2025, pp. 164-174: Springer Nature Singapore.
[22] F. Asgharzadeh, V. S. Tabar, and S. Ghassemzadeh, "Stochastic bi-level allocation of electric vehicle charging stations in the presence of wind turbines, crypto-currency loads and demand side management," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 220, p. 109383, 2023/07/01/ 2023.
[23] S. Muthukannan and D. Karthikaikannan, "A Framework Model for EV Charging Station Deployment in Transportation Network Synchronized With Distribution Network by a Bi-Level Hybrid Optimization Algorithm," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 75689-75700, 2024.
[24] H. Gan, W. Ruan, M. Wang, Y. Pan, H. Miu, and X. Yuan, "Bi-Level Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering Spatial–Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Charging Loads in Uncertain Environments," Energies, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 3004, 2024.
[25] H. Li, Y. He, W. Fu, and X. Li, "Bi-level planning of electric vehicle charging station in coupled distribution-transportation networks," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 232, p. 110442, 2024/07/01/ 2024.
[26] Y. Sahrayi, A. Pahlavanhoseini, and M. S. Sepasian, "Multi-objective planning of charging stations considering benefits of distribution company and charging stations owners," (in eng), Iranian Electric Industry Journal of Quality and Productivity, Research vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 41-55, 2020.
[27] W. Yao et al., "A Multi-Objective Collaborative Planning Strategy for Integrated Power Distribution and Electric Vehicle Charging Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1811-1821, 2014.
[28] S. J. Kazempour, A. J. Conejo, and C. Ruiz, "Strategic Bidding for a Large Consumer," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 848-856, 2015.
[29] A. Ameli, S. Bahrami, F. Khazaeli, and M. R. Haghifam, "A Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization for Sizing and Placement of DGs from DG Owners' and Distribution Company's Viewpoints," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1831-1840, 2014.
[30] H. Fredriksson, M. Dahl, and J. Holmgren, "Optimal placement of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles in large-scale Transportation Networks," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 160, pp. 77-84, 2019/01/01/ 2019.